Copyediting Samples

Gold text in second column denotes edits made to the text.

ORIGINAL TEXT According to a Gartner Group analyst report [CSO online], estimates that more than 70% of unauthorized access to information systems is committed by employees, as are more than 95% of intrusions that result in significant financial losses. The survey also highlights that the vast majority of organizations see the importance of security awareness from the ground-up before allowing the architects and application developers get involved with a business application development process. There are also increasing awareness that computer security incidents can occur from inside the organization, as well as from outside the organization. The insider attacks are worse and malicious, where the attacker abuses the user privileges or steals application-specific administrator rights and then gains access to resources such as financial applications and other confidential information repositories. With the wide adoption of Internet enabled applications, businesses and organizations are experiencing a growing rate of security related vulnerabilities such as denial-of-access, exposure of confidential data, unauthorized transactions, identity theft and data corruption. Most of these issues are more associated with application-specific security flaws and its failure to safe-guard from those vulnerabilities.

AFTER COPYEDITING A Gartner Group report [CSO online] estimates that employees of companies are responsible for more than 70% of the unauthorized access to information systems in those companies. It is also employees of companies who perpetrate more than 95% of the information systems intrusions that cause significant financial losses. The survey also highlights that a majority of organizations tend to see the importance of security only after actually suffering damage from security breaches. Real-life experience must generally occur before these organizations will allow architects and application developers to get involved with instituting security measures. Businesses are becoming more aware that computer security incidents can originate inside the organization as well as outside. Insider attacks are worse than outside attacks and are usually more malicious. The attacker abuses user privileges or steals application-specific administrator rights and then gains access to resources such as financial applications and other confidential information repositories. With the wide adoption of Internet-enabled applications, businesses and organizations are experiencing a growing rate of security-related damage, such as denial-of-access, exposure of confidential data, unauthorized transactions, identity theft, and data corruption. Most of these issues are more associated with application-specific security flaws and the failure of applications to defend against known threats.

 

ORIGINAL TEXT The overwhelming adoption of Internet and network-centric applications and services offers unlimited opportunities to businesses and organizations by providing customers, partners, and employees with greater access to information they need and when they need. This resulted in increased efficiency, mobility and collaboration and all at reduced costs. With those salient features and benefits, it also introduced newer challenges by paving way to malicious activities, exploits and attacks by hackers, disgruntled employees and cyber criminals. Everyday more and more businesses and organizations are facing a growing number of security threats and vulnerabilities both internally and externally and unfortunately there are no easy answers and solutions. The causal factors are mostly pertaining to business challenges and their ineffectiveness in implementing security.

AFTER COPYEDITING The overwhelming adoption of Internet- and network-centric applications and services offered unlimited opportunities for businesses and organizations to offer customers, partners, and employees convenient access to the information they need. The result has been increased efficiency, mobility, and collaboration—all at a reduced cost. However, this innovative action has opened the door to malicious activities, exploits, and attacks by hackers, disgruntled employees, and cyber criminals. Businesses and organizations are now facing a growing number of security threats and vulnerabilities—both internally and externally—and there are, unfortunately, no easy answers or solutions. The causes of today's increasing vulnerability of businesses are primarily related to the current methods of meeting business challenges and their ineffectiveness in implementing security.

 

ORIGINAL TEXT Adopting smartcards and biometric technologies helps deliver a trustworthy identification solution addressing both logical and physical access control requirements. With smartcards and biometrics-based identification, a smartcard holder can present the card as proof of identification and insert the card into readers to provide access to secure locations and systems and support even stronger authentication by providing a biometric sample and match against biometric samples stored on the card at enrollment.

AFTER COPYEDITING Adopting smart cards and biometric technologies helps deliver a trustworthy identification solution that addresses both logical and physical access control requirements. With smart cards identification, a smart card holder can present the card as proof of identification and insert the card into a card reader to obtain access to secure locations and systems. With biometrics-based identification, even stronger authentication is possible: identity is proved by a person providing a biometric sample that is matched against a biometric sample value stored on the card at enrollment.

 

ORIGINAL TEXT Such liposomes are used for encapsulation of enzymes, as well as a carrier in the genetic engineering and for biochemical research.

AFTER COPYEDITING Such liposomes are used to encapsulate enzymes and as carriers in genetic engineering and biochemical research.

 

ORIGINAL TEXT With this multi-interpretative domain of marketing in mind we will discuss the following topics. To understand the role of marketing, we will firstly present the basic structure of a firm or company and the role of the marketing function (section 2). Secondly, we will discuss that this structure is not something given, but that it develops and changes (section 3). Especially (section 3.1) the development of areas of specialization in the field of marketing is outlined. Thirdly, marketing, as are all organizational processes, is an artificial structure. The special characteristics and the gist of Simon notion of ‘the artificial’ will be described in section 4. In the fourth place (section 5) we will take the field of semiotics and relate the various aspects of marketing that have been discussed with semiotics. This will relate to kinds of signs and sign systems as well as to semiosis (the process of sign understanding).

AFTER COPYEDITING The remainder of this article will keep this multi-interpretative domain of marketing in mind as it examines the nature of marketing and its relationship to semiotics. To understand the role of marketing, we will first present the basic structure of a firm or company and the role of the marketing function (Section 2). Then we will describe this structure as not something given, but something that develops and changes (Section 3). Next, we will consider marketing as an artificial structure having special characteristics (Section 4). Finally, we will take the field of semiotics and relate the various aspects of marketing that have been discussed with it (Section 5).

 

ORIGINAL TEXT Port scanners come in many flavors and are have sophisticated options to find hosts not only by sending "ping" packets, but by directly manipulating IP packets. By sending specific types of IP packets with specific payloads, a port scanner can evaluate the responses from a target. This allows the scanner to determine many things such as the existence of the host, which ports are open, what may be running on those ports and even what operating system the host it.

AFTER COPYEDITING Port scanners come in many flavors and have sophisticated options that can find hosts by directly manipulating IP packets and sending "ping" packets. By sending specific types of IP packets with specific payloads, a port scanner can evaluate the responses from a target. This allows the scanner to determine many things, such as the existence of the host, which ports are open, what may be running on those ports, and even what operating system the host is.

 

ORIGINAL TEXT Touch is another main area of kinesic research, The study touch constitutes, its own subfield generally called haptics, although it is still considered a general category of inquiry within kinesics.

AFTER COPYEDITING Another main area of kinesic research studies the social functions and manifestations of touch. The study of touch actually constitutes its own subfield, generally called haptics, although it is still considered a general category of inquiry within kinesics.

 

ORIGINAL TEXT Security has taken unprecedented importance in the information industry today and it compels every business and organization to adopt proactive or reactive measures for protecting data, processes, communi-cation and resources throughout the information lifecycle.

AFTER COPYEDITING In the information industry today, security has finally and rightfully taken its proper place—the place of primary importance—and this new and unprecedented recognition compels every business and organization to adopt proactive or reactive measures that protect data, processes, communication, and resources throughout the information life cycle.

 

ORIGINAL TEXT In today's knowledge-driven economy, the catchphrase "It's not what you know, but whom you know" has become a metaphor for the importance of social networks and, more generally, for all kinds of activities that fall under the umbrella of networking, making social networks appear to be just another management fad for organizational researchers to pursue. However, the concepts and theories are much older than their current fame and go back to anthropologists and sociologists in the early 20's and 30's of the last millennium. In his seminal work on formal organizations, Blau claimed that it is impossible to understand the nature of a formal organization without investigating the networks of informal relations and compare them to the official norms (Blau, 1970). Both the formal organization and networks of informal relations are highly intertwined and overlapping.

AFTER COPYEDITING "It's not what you know, but whom you know." In today's knowledge-driven economy, that catchphrase has become a metaphor for the importance of social networks. More generally, the statement is applied to all kinds of activities that fall under the umbrella of networking. This usage makes social networks appear to be just another management fad for organizational researchers to pursue. However, networking concepts and theories are much older than their current fame would suggest. Their origin can be traced to the anthropologists and sociologists who created them in the second and third decade of the last century. In his seminal work on formal organizations, Blau claimed that it is impossible to understand the nature of a formal organization without investigating the networks of informal relations and comparing them to the official norms (Blau, 1970). The formal organization and networks of informal relations are highly intertwined and overlapping.

 

ORIGINAL TEXT Bara et al. (1997) test by a linguistic experimental protocol a group of CHI subjects and find out that specific pragmatic tasks, as the comprehension of non-standard communication, i.e. deceit and irony, are more difficult to comprehend rather than tasks requiring more simple mental representations, as the comprehension of standard communication, i.e direct, conventional and non conventional indirect speech acts.

AFTER COPYEDITING Bara et al. (1997) tested a group of CHI subjects using a linguistic experimental protocol and found that specific pragmatic tasks such as the comprehension of nonstandard communication, e.g., deceit and irony, are more difficult than tasks requiring only simple mental representations, such as the comprehension of standard communication involving only direct, conventional, and nonconventional indirect speech acts.

 

ORIGINAL TEXT In India still one-third of deaths occur in young ages (below 35 years), whereby two-thirds of them are among children below five years (Jha and Nguyen 2001). The risk of death before 35 was in 2000 in India 17% in contrast to developed OECD countries, where this risk with 2% is almost not existing (Jha and Nguyen 2001).

AFTER COPYEDITING In India, it is still the case that one-third of all deaths occur at young ages (under 35 years), with two-thirds of these occurring among children under five years of age (Jha and Nguyen 2001). The risk of death before age 35 was 17% in 2000 in India. In contrast, in developed OECD countries, this risk is almost nonexistent, at 2% (Jha and Nguyen 2001).

 

ORIGINAL TEXT With a Romantic view of the non-standardised vernaculars and a historical and comparative approach to language study in the 19th century, Icelandic began to arouse greater interest, both within and outside Scandinavia.

AFTER COPYEDITING Icelandic began to arouse greater interest in the 19th century—both within and outside Scandinavia—as a result of Romanticism's view of non-standardized vernaculars and its historical and comparative approach to language study.

 

ORIGINAL TEXT For the communication and smooth collaboration in the new location, in several emerging markets, the language abilities of the employees represent a further barrier.

AFTER COPYEDITING In several emerging markets, the language abilities of the employees represent a further barrier to successful communication and smooth collaboration in the new location.